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Faculty Detail    
Name ELLIOT J LEFKOWITZ
Professor, Department of Microbiology
Director of Informatics, Center for Clinical and Translational Science
Director, Molecular and Genetic Bioinformatics Facility, Center for AIDS Research
Director, Bioinformatics Core, Microbiome Facility		  
Campus Address BBRB 276 Zip 2170
Phone  (205) 934-1946
E-mail  ElliotL@uab.edu
Other websites UAB Scholars Profile
Virus Taxonomy
CCTS Informatics
     

Education
Undergraduate  University of Maryland  1973  1977  BS Microbiology 
Graduate  University of Texas Medical Branch  1978  1983  PhD Microbiology 
Fellowship  University of Wisconsin, Madison  1983  1987  Postdoctoral Fellowship, Virology 


Faculty Appointment(s)
Appointment Type Department Division Rank
Primary  Microbiology  Microbiology Professor
Secondary  Genetic & Translational Med  Genetic & Translational Med Professor
Center  Center for AIDS Research  Center for AIDS Research Professor
Center  Center for Biophysical Sciences/Engineering  Center for Biophysical Sciences/Engineering Professor
Center  Civitan International Research Center  Civitan International Research Center Professor
Center  Comp Arthritis, MSK, Bone & Autoimmunity Ctr  Comp Arthritis, MSK, Bone & Autoimmunity Ctr Professor
Center  Comprehensive Cancer Center  Comprehensive Cancer Center Professor
Center  Ctr for Clinical & Translational Sci  Ctr for Clinical & Translational Sci Professor
Center  Informatics Institute  Informatics Institute Professor

Graduate Biomedical Sciences Affiliations
Biochemistry and Structural Biology 
Cell, Molecular, & Developmental Biology 
Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics 
Medical Scientist Training Program 
Microbiology 

Biographical Sketch 
Elliot Lefkowitz (b. 1955) received his B.S. degree in Microbiology at the University of Maryland-College Park in 1977. He received his PhD in Microbiology from the University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston in 1983 where he studied the regulation of interferon-gamma activity. He continued his training as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he participated in research projects involving the cloning of interferon-inducible genes and the molecular biology and evolution of vaccinia and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Dr. Lefkowitz came to UAB in 1987, and in 1991 became director of the UAB AIDS Center Biological Computing Resource Facility that is now part of the institution-wide Biomedical Informatics Component (BMI) of the UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science. In these positions, he oversees a team of Bioinformaticians and Systems Analysts who work and collaborate with UAB investigators to provide them with the broad range of tools and expertise necessary to support all of their informatics needs. These efforts have resulted in the establishment of informatics-related research collaborations across many of the Divisions, Departments, and Schools at UAB. His responsibilities extend to the development of UAB’s overall informatics programs, including oversight and support of activities related to informatics research, service, and teaching. Dr. Lefkowitz and the staff of BMI work to assist UAB investigators with obtaining access to the data they need to support their own research; providing expertise in the management and analysis of that data; and especially to assist the research community in deriving biological knowledge and meaning from the available data. His educational activities include the organization and participation in courses covering various aspects of informatics education; organization of seminars and workshops targeted to specific informatics problems; providing informatics training opportunities to students, fellows, and staff from across campus; and supporting the integration of informatics training opportunities into campus NIH training (T) and development (K) award programs. In addition, he also helps coordinate and teach introductory and advanced virology, emphasizing molecular virology and virus evolution. Dr. Lefkowitz has joint academic appointments in the UAB Departments of Genetics, Mechanical Engineering (School of Engineering), and Computer and Information Sciences (College of Arts and Sciences). He has also been Principal Investigator of the Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center, an NIH-sponsored effort to develop Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRCs) for Biodefense and Emerging or Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases. He currently serves as Data Secretary for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). In this role, he provides support to the ICTV for handling of viral taxonomy proposals; communicate the results of ICTV deliberations to the scientific community; and interact with various international agencies such as the NIH National Center for Biotechnology Information to incorporate the official, ICTV virus taxonomy into their own taxonomic databases.

Society Memberships
Organization Name Position Held Org Link
American Society for Microbiology    http://www.asm.org 
American Society for Virology    http://www.asv.org 
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses  Data Secretary  http://www.ictvonline.org/ 
 



Research/Clinical Interest
Title
Microbial Genomics and Evolution; Bioinformatics, and Clinical Informatics
Description
My research interests are directed at contributing to the understanding of microbial genomics and evolution by developing and utilizing computational tools and bioinformatics techniques to mine sequence and other data for significant patterns characteristic of function and/or evolution. This work has included the development of new algorithms for the detection of viral regulatory motifs; tools for the identification of viral genes; the development and utilization of High Performance and Grid Computing tools for bioinformatics analysis; and the development and use of tools for analyzing patterns of viral evolution. I have also been involved in the development of databases, web applications, and analysis tools for the sequencing and annotation of several complete bacterial and viral genomes. This includes development of the Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center, one of the original NIH-sponsored Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRCs) for Biodefense and Emerging or Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases. My work includes research on the genomics and evolutionary history of large DNA viruses as well as several different RNA virus species including Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis C virus and Dengue virus. Ongoing research projects in my group are focused on the analysis of, and the development of tools to support the analysis of the genomics and evolution of the large DNA viruses in the family Poxviridae. Poxviruses are highly successful pathogens, known to infect a variety of hosts. The family Poxviridae includes variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, which has been eradicated as a public health threat but could potentially reemerge as a bioterrorist threat. The risk scenario includes other animal poxviruses as well as genetically engineered or synthetically derived poxviruses. Past research on orthologous viral gene sets has defined some of the evolutionary relationships between members of the Poxviridae family. But it has not been clear how variation between family members arose in the past—an important issue in understanding how these viruses may vary and possibly produce future threats. Therefore the goal of our research has been to better understand the viral genotypic-phenotypic relationships that result in wide differences in host range and pathogenicity, as well as the evolutionary mechanisms involved in genome variation. Our work has included a comprehensive analysis of all proteins encoded by viruses of the family Poxviridae, to assess the evolutionary history of genes likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer. This effort has allowed us to predict and date the patterns of host gene acquisition throughout the evolutionary history of this virus family, and helps us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of survival and pathogenesis employed by viruses of this family at different stages of their evolution. A complete list of published work is available in NCBI's MyBibliography: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/myncbi/elliot j..lefkowitz.1/bibliography/40353132/public/?sort=date&direction=descending

Selected Publications 
Publication PUBMEDID
Kumar R, Yi N, Zhi D, Eipers P, Goldsmith KT, Dixon P, Crossman DK, Crowley MR, Lefkowitz EJ, Rodriguez JM, Morrow CD. Identification of donor microbe species that colonize and persist long term in the recipient after fecal transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2017 Jun 7;3:12. doi: 10.1038/s41522-017-0020-7. eCollection 2017. Erratum in: NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2017 Nov 3;3:29. PubMed PMID: 28649413; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5462795.  28649413 
Lefkowitz EJ, Dempsey DM, Hendrickson RC, Orton RJ, Siddell SG, Smith DB. Virus taxonomy: the database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV). Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Oct 13. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx932. 		 29040670 
Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Harrach B, Harrison RL, Knowles NJ, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Mushegian AR, Nibert ML, Sabanadzovic S, Sanfaçon H, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Varsani A, Zerbini FM, Orton RJ, Smith DB, Gorbalenya AE, Davison AJ. 50 years of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: progress and prospects. Arch Virol. 2017 May;162(5):1441-1446. doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3215-y. Epub 2017 Jan 11. PubMed PMID: 28078475.
 		 28078475 
Garcia SS, Blackledge MS, Michalek S, Su L, Ptacek T, Eipers P, Morrow C, Lefkowitz EJ, Melander C, Wu H. Targeting of Streptococcus mutans Biofilms by a Novel Small Molecule Prevents Dental Caries and Preserves the Oral Microbiome. J Dent Res. 2017 Mar 1:22034517698096. doi: 10.1177/0022034517698096. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28571487.
 		 28571487 
Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AMQ, Harrach B, Harrison RL, Knowles NJ, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Mushegian AR, Nibert M, Sabanadzovic S, Sanfaçon H, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Varsani A, Zerbini FM, Gorbalenya AE, Davison AJ. Changes to taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017). Arch Virol. 2017 Apr 22. doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3358-5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28434098.
 		 28434098 
Koo H, Hakim JA, Powell ML, Kumar R, Eipers PG, Morrow CD, Crowley M, Lefkowitz EJ, Watts SA, Bej AK. Metagenomics approach to the study of the gut microbiome structure and function in zebrafish Danio rerio fed with gluten formulated diet. J Microbiol Methods. 2017 Apr;135:69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.01.016. Epub 2017 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 28167213.
 		 28167213 
Simmonds P, Adams MJ, Benkő M, Breitbart M, Brister JR, Carstens EB, Davison AJ, Delwart E, Gorbalenya AE, Harrach B, Hull R, King AM, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Lefkowitz EJ, Nibert ML, Orton R, Roossinck MJ, Sabanadzovic S, Sullivan MB, Suttle CA, Tesh RB, van der Vlugt RA, Varsani A, Zerbini FM. Consensus statement: Virus taxonomy in the age of metagenomics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017 Mar;15(3):161-168. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.177. Epub 2017 Jan 3. PubMed PMID: 28134265.
 		 28134265 
Paulsen JA, Ptacek TS, Carter SJ, Liu N, Kumar R, Hyndman L, Lefkowitz EJ, Morrow CD, Rogers LQ. Gut microbiota composition associated with alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness and psychosocial outcomes among breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2017 May;25(5):1563-1570. doi: 10.1007/s00520-016-3568-5. Epub 2017 Jan 7. PubMed PMID: 28064384; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5380600.
 		 28064384 
Stoll ML, Kumar R, Lefkowitz EJ, Cron RQ, Morrow CD, Barnes S. Fecal metabolomics in pediatric spondyloarthritis implicate decreased metabolic diversity and altered tryptophan metabolism as pathogenic factors. Genes Immun. 2016 Dec;17(7):400-405. doi: 10.1038/gene.2016.38. Epub 2016 Oct 27. PubMed PMID: 27786174; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5133160.
 		 27786174 
Subramaniam A, Ptacek T, Lobashevsky E, Cliver S, Lefkowitz EJ, Morrow CD, Biggio JR Jr, Edwards RK. Midtrimester Cervicovaginal Microbiota: Identification of Microbial Variations Associated with Puerperal Infection at Term. Am J Perinatol. 2016 Oct;33(12):1165-75. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1585467. Epub 2016 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 27441565.
 		 27441565 
Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Harrach B, Harrison RL, Knowles NJ, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Mushegian AR, Nibert M, Sabanadzovic S, Sanfaçon H, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Varsani A, Zerbini FM, Gorbalenya AE, Davison AJ. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2016). Arch Virol. 2016 Oct;161(10):2921-49. doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2977-6. Epub 2016 Jul 16. PubMed PMID: 27424026.
 		 27424026 
Hakim JA, Koo H, Kumar R, Lefkowitz EJ, Morrow CD, Powell ML, Watts SA, Bej AK. The gut microbiome of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, from its natural habitat demonstrates selective attributes of microbial taxa and predictive metabolic profiles. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2016 Sep;92(9). pii: fiw146. doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiw146. Epub 2016 Jul 1. PubMed PMID: 27368709.
 		 27368709 
Doggett NA, Mukundan H, Lefkowitz EJ, Slezak TR, Chain PS, Morse S, Anderson K, Hodge DR, Pillai S. Culture-Independent Diagnostics for Health Security. Health Secur. 2016 May-Jun;14(3):122-42. doi: 10.1089/hs.2015.0074. Review. PubMed PMID: 27314653.
 		 27314653 
Kumar R, Maynard CL, Eipers P, Goldsmith KT, Ptacek T, Grubbs JA, Dixon P, Howard D, Crossman DK, Crowley MR, Benjamin WH Jr, Lefkowitz EJ, Weaver CT, Rodriguez JM, Morrow CD. Colonization potential to reconstitute a microbe community in patients detected early after fecal microbe transplant for recurrent C. difficile. BMC Microbiol. 2016 Jan 13;16:5. doi: 10.1186/s12866-015-0622-2. PubMed PMID: 26758906; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4711103.
 		 26758906 
Edwards RK, Kumar R, Zhi D, Szychowski J, Subramaniam A, Lefkowitz EJ, Morrow C. Gravidas with class III obesity: evaluating the abdominal skin microbiota above and below the panniculus (.). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016 Oct;29(20):3312-6. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1124081. Epub 2015 Dec 23. PubMed PMID: 26600277; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4975423.
 		 26600277 
Hakim JA, Koo H, Dennis LN, Kumar R, Ptacek T, Morrow CD, Lefkowitz EJ, Powell ML, Bej AK, Watts SA. An abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria revealed in the gut microbiome of the laboratory cultured sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. Front Microbiol. 2015 Oct 13;6:1047. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01047. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26528245; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4602345.
 		 26528245 
Subramaniam A, Kumar R, Cliver SP, Zhi D, Szychowski JM, Abramovici A, Biggio JR, Lefkowitz EJ, Morrow C, Edwards RK. Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnancy: Evaluation Based on Vaginal Flora, Birth Outcome, and Race. Am J Perinatol. 2016 Mar;33(4):401-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1565919. Epub 2015 Oct 19. PubMed PMID: 26479170; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5166555.
 		 26479170 
Justice JL, Verhalen B, Kumar R, Lefkowitz EJ, Imperiale MJ, Jiang M. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Enriched Nuclear Fractions from BK Polyomavirus-Infected Primary Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. J Proteome Res. 2015 Oct 2;14(10):4413-24. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00737. Epub 2015 Sep 23. PubMed PMID: 26354146; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4727448.
 		 26354146 
Ray A, Basu S, Gharaibeh RZ, Cook LC, Kumar R, Lefkowitz EJ, Walker CR, Morrow CD, Franklin CL, Geiger TL, Salzman NH, Fodor A, Dittel BN. Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Due to Helicobacter Drives an Increase in Marginal Zone B Cells in the Absence of IL-10 Signaling in Macrophages. J Immunol. 2015 Oct 1;195(7):3071-85. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500153. Epub 2015 Aug 31. PubMed PMID: 26324769; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4575870.
 		 26324769 
Hatcher, EL., Wang, C., and Lefkowitz, EJ. (2015) Genome Variability and Gene Content in Chordopoxviruses: Dependence on Microsatellites. Viruses. 7(4), 2126-2146.  25912716 
Xiao L, Ptacek T, Osborne JD, Crabb DM, Simmons WL, Lefkowitz EJ, Waites KB, Atkinson TP, Dybvig K. Comparative genome analysis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. BMC Genomics. 2015 Aug 16;16:610. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1801-0. PubMed PMID: 26275904; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4537597.  26275904 
Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Bamford DH, Breitbart M, Davison AJ, Ghabrial SA, Gorbalenya AE, Knowles NJ, Krell P, Lavigne R, Prangishvili D, Sanfaçon H, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Carstens EB. (2015). Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2015). Arch Virol. 160(7): 1837-1850.  25913692 
Stripling J, Kumar R, Baddley JW, Nellore A, Dixon P, Howard D, Ptacek T, Lefkowitz EJ, Tallaj JA, Benjamin WH Jr, Morrow CD, Rodriguez JM. Loss of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Fecal Dominance in an Organ Transplant Patient With Clostridium difficile Colitis After Fecal Microbiota Transplant. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015 Jun 3;2(2):ofv078. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofv078. eCollection 2015 Apr. PubMed PMID: 26180828; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4498259.   26180828 
Adams MJ, Hendrickson RC, Dempsey DM, and Lefkowitz EJ. (2015). Tracking the changes in virus taxonomy. Arch Virol. Feb 25.  25708839 
Stoll ML, Kumar R, Morrow CD, Lefkowitz EJ, Cui X, Genin A, Cron RQ, Elson CO. (2014). Altered microbiota associated with abnormal humoral immune responses to commensal organisms in enthesitis-related arthritis. Arthritis Research and Therapy. Vol. 16:486.  25434931 
Hatcher EL., Hendrickson RC, and Lefkowitz EJ. (2014). Identification of Nucleotide-Level Changes Impacting Gene Content and Genome Evolution in Orthopoxviruses. J Virology. December vol. 88. 13651-13668.  25231308 
Muzny CA, Sunesara IR, Griswold ME, Kumar R, Lefkowitz EJ, Mena LA, Schwebke JR, Martin DH, and Swiatlo E. (2014). Association between BVAB1 and High Nugent Scores among Women with Bacterial Vaginosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. Sep 16. S0732-8893(14)00370-8.  25262105 
Kumar R, Eipers P, Little RB, Crowley M, Crossman DK, Lefkowitz EJ, and Morrow CD. (2014). Getting Started with Microbiome Analysis: Sample Acquisition to Bioinformatics. Current Protocols in Human Genetics, Volume 82, Unit 18.8.  25042718 
Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Carstens EB. (2014). Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2014). Arch Virol. 2014 Jun 7.  24906522 
Stoll ML, Kumar R, Morrow C, and Lefkowitz E. (2014): Dysbiosis of the enteric microbiota in pediatric spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. Mar;66 Suppl 11:S228-9. doi: 10.1002/art.38601.  24677931 
Muzny CA, Sunesara IR, Kumar R, Mena LA, Griswold ME, Martin DH, Lefkowitz EJ, Schwebke JR, and Swiatlo E. (2013). Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiota among Sexual Risk Behavior Groups of Women with Bacterial Vaginosis. PLoS One, Nov 13;8(11):e80254.  24236175 
Esteban DJ, Upton C, Bartow-McKenney C, Buller RM, Chen NG, Schriewer J, Lefkowitz EJ, Wang C. (2013). Expression of a non-coding RNA in ectromelia virus is required for normal plaque formation. Virus Genes. Sep 28.  2407804 
Lazrak A, Fu L, Bali V, Bartoszewski R, Rab A, Havasi V, Keiles S, Kappes J, Kumar R, Lefkowitz E, Sorscher EJ, Matalon S, Collawn JF, Bebok Z. (2013). The silent codon change I507-ATC->ATT contributes to the severity of the ΔF508 CFTR channel dysfunction. FASEB J. 27: 4630-4645.  23907436 
Hendrickson R.C., Wang C., Hatcher E.L., Lefkowitz E.J. (2010) Orthopoxvirus Genome Evolution: The Role of Gene Loss. Viruses. 2(9):1933-1967.  21994715 
J. Rodney Brister, Yiming Bao, Carla Kuiken, Philippe Le Mercier, Elliot Lefkowitz, Raphael Leplae, Ramana Madupu, Ruchi Newman, Richard Scheuermann, Donald Seto, Susmita Shrivastava, Qiandong Zeng, William Klimke and Tatiana Tatusova (2010). Editorial: Towards Viral Genome Annotation Standards, Report from the 2010 NCBI Annotation Workshop. Viruses. 2(10):2258-2268.  21994619 
Coggins, W. C, Lefkowitz, E. J. Sullender, W.M. 1998. Genetic variability among group A and group B Respiratory Syncytial viruses in a childrens hospital. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 36:3552.  9817872 
Schmidt DJ, Pickett BE, Camacho D, Comach G, Xhaja K, Lennon NJ, Rizzolo K, de Bosch N, Becerra A, Nogueira ML, Mondini A, da Silva EV, Vasconcelos PF, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Santiago GA, Ocazionez R, Gehrke L, Lefkowitz EJ, Birren BW, Henn MR, Bosch I. (2011) A phylogenetic analysis using full-length viral genomes of South American dengue serotype 3 in consecutive Venezuelan outbreaks reveals novel NS5 mutation. Infect Genet Evol.  21964598 
Banerjee S, Sullender WM, Choudekar A, John C, Tyagi V, Fowler K, Lefkowitz EJ, Broor S. (2011) Detection and genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in India. J Med Virol. 83:1799-1810.  21837798 
Lefkowitz, E.J., A.K. Pattnaik, and L.A. Ball. 1990. Complementation of a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G mutant with wild-type protein expressed from either a bovine papilloma virus or a vaccinia virus vector system. Virology 178, 373-383.  2171187 
White, Gregory; Pickett, Brett; Lefkowitz, Elliot; Ottendorfer, Christy; Johnson, Amelia; Stark, Lillian; Unnasch, Thomas. (2011) Phylogenetic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Isolates from Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 5:709-17.  21540379 
Pickett, BE, Striker, R. Lefkowitz EJ. (2010) Evidence for Separation of HCV Subtype 1a into Two Distinct Clades. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. June 2010.  20565573 
Pickett BE, Lefkowitz EJ (2009). Recombination in West Nile Virus: Minimal Contribution to Genomic Diversity. Virus Journal. 6:165.  19821990 
Odom MR, Curtis Hendrickson R, Lefkowitz EJ (2009). Poxvirus protein evolution: Family wide assessment of possible horizontal gene transfer events. Virus Res. 2009 Sep;144(1-2):233-49. Epub 2009 May 21.  19464330 
Rubins KH, Hensley LE, Bell GW, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ, Brown PO, Relman DA. 2008. Comparative analysis of viral gene expression programs during poxvirus infection: a transcriptional map of the vaccinia and monkeypox genomes. PLoS ONE. 2008 Jul 9;3(7):e2628.  18612436 
Assarsson E, Greenbaum JA, Sundström M, Schaffer L, Hammond JA, Pasquetto V, Oseroff C, Hendrickson RC, Lefkowitz EJ, Tscharke DC, Sidney J, Grey HM, Head SR, Peters B, Sette A. 2008. Kinetic analysis of a complete poxvirus transcriptome reveals an immediate-early class of genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 12;105(6):2140-5.  18245380 
Moutaftsi M, Bui HH, Peters B, Sidney J, Salek-Ardakani S, Oseroff C, Pasquetto V, Crotty S, Croft M, Lefkowitz EJ, Grey H, Sette A. Vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses target a set of antigens largely distinct from those targeted by CD8+ T cell responses. J Immunol. 2007 Jun 1;178(11):6814-20.   17513729 
Minkah N, Hwang Y, Perry K, Van Duyne GD, Hendrickson R, Lefkowitz EJ, Hannenhalli S, Bushman FD. Variola virus topoisomerase: DNA cleavage specificity and distribution of sites in Poxvirus genomes. Virology. 2007 Aug 15;365(1):60-9. Epub 2007 Apr 25.   17462694 
Greene JM, Collins F, Lefkowitz EJ, Roos D, Scheuermann RH, Sobral B, Stevens R, White O, Di Francesco V. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases bioinformatics resource centers: new assets for pathogen informatics. Infect Immun. 2007 Jul;75(7):3212-9. Epub 2007 Apr 9  17420237 
Parveen S, Sullender WM, Fowler K, Lefkowitz EJ, Kapoor SK, Broor S.Genetic variability in the G protein gene of group A and B respiratory syncytial viruses from India. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Sep;44(9):3055-64.   16954227  
Lefkowitz EJ, Wang C, Upton C. Poxviruses: past, present and future. Virus Res. 2006 Apr;117(1):105-18. Epub 2006 Feb 24.  16503070 
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Keywords
Viruses, Evolution, Genomics, Bioinformatics, Biomedical Informatics